論語
先进

第293章

11.26
原文
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译文
子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华四人陪同孔子坐着。孔子说:「我比你们年龄都大,你们不要因为我在这里就不敢尽情说话。你们平时总爱说没有人了解自己的才能,如果有人了解你们,你们打算怎么做呢?」 子路轻率而急切地回答说:「一个拥有千乘兵车的国家,夹在几个大国之间,外有军队入侵,国内又连年饥荒,让我去治理,只要三年,就可以使那里人人有勇气、个个懂道义。」孔子听后微微一笑。 孔子又问:「冉求,你怎么样?」回答说:「方圆六七十里或五六十里的小国,让我去治理,等到三年,可以使百姓富足。至于礼乐方面,只有等待贤人君子来施行了。」 孔子又问:「公西赤,你怎么样?」回答说:「不敢说我有能力,只是愿意学习罢了。宗庙祭祀之事,或者诸侯会盟,我愿意穿着礼服、戴着礼帽,做一个小傧相。」 孔子接着问:「曾点,你怎么样?」曾点弹瑟的节奏逐渐稀疏,「铿」的一声放下瑟站起来,回答道:「我和他们三位所说的不一样。」孔子说:「那有什么妨碍呢?不过是各人谈谈自己的志愿罢了。」曾皙说:「暮春三月,春衣已经穿上,我与五六位成年人、六七个少年,在沂水边沐浴,在舞雩台上迎风,唱着歌儿走回来。」孔子长叹一声说:「我赞赏曾点的主张!」 子路、冉有、公西华三人先出去了,曾皙走在最后。曾皙问:「那三位同学的话怎么样?」孔子说:「也不过各人谈谈自己的志愿罢了。」曾皙说:「您为什么笑仲由呢?」孔子说:「治理国家要讲礼让,他说话一点也不谦逊,所以笑他。」「难道冉求所讲的不是有关治理国家的事吗?」孔子说:「怎么见得方圆六七十里或五六十里的地方就不算一个国家呢?」「那么公西赤讲的就不是国家了吗?」孔子说:「有宗庙、有诸侯会盟,不是国家是什么?公西华若只能做小傧相,谁又能做大傧相呢?」
ENGLISH

Zilu, Zengxi, Ranqou, and Gongxi Hua were seated in attendance. The Master said, "Do not let the fact that I am a little older than you hold you back from speaking freely. You are always saying, 'No one appreciates our abilities.' But if someone were to appreciate you, what would you do?" Zilu answered promptly and eagerly, "Take a state of a thousand chariots, hemmed in between powerful neighbors, threatened by invading armies, and beset by famine within — let me govern it, and in three years I could give the people courage and a sense of what is right." The Master smiled at this. "Ranqiu, what about you?" He replied, "A territory of sixty or seventy li — or perhaps fifty or sixty li — let me govern it, and in three years the people would have enough to live on. As for rites and music, I would leave that to a true gentleman." "Gongxi Chi, what about you?" He replied, "I will not claim ability, but I am willing to learn. At ceremonies in the ancestral temple, or at diplomatic gatherings of the feudal lords, I should like, dressed in my ceremonial robes and cap, to play the part of a junior assistant." "Zengdian, what about you?" The sounds of the zither grew sparse, and then with a final resounding pluck, he set it aside and rose to his feet. He replied, "My wish is different from those of the other three." The Master said, "What harm is there in that? After all, each is simply speaking his own aspirations." Zengxi said, "In late spring, when the new spring garments have been made, I should like to go out with five or six young men and six or seven boys, bathe in the River Yi, enjoy the breeze beneath the Rain Dance Altar, and then return home singing." The Master sighed deeply and said, "I am with Dian!" The other three left, but Zengxi lingered behind. He asked, "What do you think of what those three said?" The Master said, "Each was simply expressing his own aspiration, nothing more." Zengxi said, "Why did you smile at Zilu?" The Master said, "A state should be governed with proper ritual and deference, yet his words showed not the least modesty — that is why I smiled." "But was not what Ranqiu described also a matter of governing a state?" "How does a territory of sixty or seventy — or fifty or sixty — li fail to qualify as a state?" "And was what Gongxi Chi described not also a matter of governing a state?" "If there are ancestral temples and diplomatic assemblies, what else could it be but affairs of state? If Gongxi Chi can only serve as a junior assistant, who could serve as a senior one?"

注释
展开注释
①曾皙:名点,字子皙,曾参的父亲,也是孔子的学生。 ②以:认为。尔:你们。 ③居:平日。 ④率尔:轻率,急切。 ⑤摄:迫近。 ⑥因:仍,继。饥馑(jǐn):饥荒。 ⑦比及:等到。 ⑧方:方向,指道义。 ⑨哂(shěn):讥讽的微笑。 (10)如:或者。 (11)端:玄端,古代礼服的名称。章甫:古代礼帽的名称。 (12)相(xiàng):傧相,祭祀和会盟时主持赞礼和司仪的官。相有卿、大夫、士三级,小相是最低的士一级。 (13)希:可「,指弹瑟的速度放慢,节奏逐渐稀疏。 (14)作:站起来。 (15)异乎:不同于。撰(zhuàn):具,述。 (16)莫(mù)春:夏历三月。莫,同」。 (17)沂(yí):水名,发源于山东南部,流经江苏北部人海 (18)风:迎风纳凉。舞雩(yú):地名,原是祭天求雨的地方,在今山东曲阜。 (19)喟(kuì)然:长叹的样子。 (20)与:赞许,同意。 (21)唯:语首词,没有什么意义。 (22)之:相当于「其」。
解读
展开解读
这是《论语》中篇幅最长、也最富文学色彩的章节之一,记录了孔子与四位弟子之间一次难得的轻松畅谈。孔子主动营造出一种宽松的氛围,邀请弟子们放下拘谨,畅言各自的志向抱负。 子路第一个开口,性格一如既往地直爽豪迈:给我一个夹在大国之间、内外交困的千乘之国,三年之内,我能让百姓有勇气、懂道义。孔子听后,微微一笑,这一笑意味深长。 冉有则谦逊得多,说自己只能治理一片六七十里的小地方,三年内让百姓衣食无忧,至于礼乐教化,那要等真正的君子来做。公西华更为低调,说自己只想在宗庙祭祀或诸侯会盟时,穿着礼服担任一个小小的司仪,连「能」字都不敢说,只说「愿学」。 而曾皙的回答,则与另外三人截然不同。他在众人作答时一直在鼓瑟,轮到自己,铿然一声放下琴,从容说道:暮春时节,换上轻薄的春衣,约上五六位朋友、六七个少年,到沂水边沐浴,在舞雩台上迎风而立,一路唱着歌回家。 孔子听罢,长叹一声:「吾与点也!」——我赞同曾皙所说的。 这一「叹」令后世学者反复揣摩。为何孔子对那三位胸怀家国、志在治世的弟子只是淡然,却对曾皙这番看似无关宏旨的描述发出由衷的感叹? 曾皙所描绘的,并非游山玩水的逍遥,而是一幅天下太平、人心舒展的理想图景。没有战乱,没有饥荒,人们可以安然享受自然的馈赠,礼乐之风流布于日常生活之中——这正是儒家所追求的「仁政」落地之后的世界。子路、冉有、公西华志在「建功立业」,他们的抱负是达到目标的手段;而曾皙所描述的,则是目标本身。 孔子哂笑子路,是因为子路言志时气盛而不知谦让,「为国以礼,其言不让」,志向虽好,姿态却失了分寸。对冉有和公西华,孔子并未批评,但也点出他们所言其实都是邦国之事,并非如他们谦称的那样微不足道——这是孔子对他们刻意自谦的温和点破。 这一章给后人留下的,不仅是儒家的政治理想,更是一种人格境界:真正的志向,不在于自己能建多大的功业,而在于能否真正体认到「仁」的最终指向——一个人人得其所、各安其乐的世界。达到那个世界,才是一切努力的意义所在。

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5.19

子张问曰:「令尹子文三仕为令尹,无喜色;三已之,无愠色。旧令尹之政,必以告新令尹。何如?」子曰:「忠矣。」曰:「仁矣乎?」曰:「未知,焉得仁?」「崔子弑齐君,陈文子有马十乘,弃而违之。至于他邦,则曰:『犹吾大夫崔子也。』违之。之一邦,则又曰:『犹吾大夫崔子也。』违之。何如?」子曰:「清矣。」曰:「仁矣乎?」曰:「未知。焉得仁?」

18.6

长沮、桀溺耦而耕,孔子过之,使子路问津焉。长沮曰:「夫执舆者为谁?」子路曰:「为孔丘。」曰:「是鲁孔丘与?」曰:「是也。」曰:「是知津矣。」问于桀溺,桀溺曰:「子为谁?」曰:「为仲由。」曰:「是鲁孔丘之徒与?」对曰:「然。」曰:「滔滔者天下皆是也,而谁以易之?且而与其从辟人之士也,岂若从辟世之士哉?」耰而不辍。子路行以告。夫子怃然曰:「鸟兽不可与同群,吾非斯人之徒与而谁与?天下有道,丘不与易也。」

18.7

子路从而后,遇丈人,以杖荷蓧。子路问曰:「子见夫子乎?」丈人曰:「四体不勤,五谷不分。孰为夫子?」植其杖而芸。子路拱而立。止子路宿,杀鸡为黍而食之,见其二子焉。明日,子路行以告。子曰:「隐者也。」使子路反见之。至则行矣。子路曰:「不仕无义。长幼之节,不可废也;君臣之义,如之何其废之?欲洁其身,而乱大伦。君子之仕也,行其义也。道之不行,已知之矣。」