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第480章

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原文
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译文
子路随行落在后面,遇到一位老人,用手杖挑着除草的农具。子路问道:「您看见我的老师了吗?」老人说:「四肢不勤劳,五谷分不清,谁是你的老师?」说完,把手杖插在地上,开始锄草。子路拱手恭敬地站在一旁。老人便留子路到家中住宿,杀鸡做黍米饭款待他,还叫两个儿子出来相见。第二天,子路赶上孔子,将此事告知。孔子说:「这是位隐士啊。」便让子路返回去再见他。子路到了那里,老人已经出门不在了。子路便说:「不出仕做官是不义的。长幼之间的礼节不可废弃;君臣之间的道义,又怎么可以废弃呢?一心想要保持自身的清洁,却因此乱了君臣这一重大伦理。君子出来做官,是为了践行君臣之义。至于我们的政治主张行不通,这是早就知道的了。」
ENGLISH

Zilu, who had fallen behind while following the Master, encountered an old man carrying a weed-cutter over his shoulder on a staff. Zilu asked: "Have you seen my Master?" The old man said: "You who never toil with your four limbs, who cannot tell one grain from another — who is your master?" He then planted his staff in the ground and began hoeing. Zilu stood to one side with hands respectfully folded. The old man invited Zilu to stay the night, killed a chicken and prepared millet to feed him, and brought out his two sons to be introduced. The next morning Zilu caught up with the Master and told him what had happened. The Master said: "He is a recluse." He sent Zilu back to see the man again. When Zilu arrived, the old man had already gone out. Zilu then said: "To refuse to serve in office is to forsake righteousness. The proper distinctions between young and old cannot be set aside; how then can the duty between ruler and minister be set aside? In wishing to keep himself unsullied, he throws into disorder the most important of human relationships. When a gentleman takes office, he does so to fulfill this duty of righteousness. That the Way is not prevailing — this we have long known."

注释
①蓧(diào):古代在田中除草的工具。 ②五谷:古书中有不同的说法,最普通的一种指稻、黍稷、麦、菽。稻麦是主要粮食作物;黍是黄米;稷是粟,一说是高粱;菽是豆类作物。 ③芸:通「耘」。 ④见其二子:使其二子出来见客。
解读
展开解读
这一章围绕子路与荷蓧丈人的相遇展开,是《论语》中描写孔子与隐士群体关系最为细腻的篇章之一。子路随孔子出行途中落在后面,遇到一位以杖荷蓧、正在除草的老丈。子路询问是否见过老师孔子,老人却答以冷语:四肢不劳作,连五谷都分不清,算哪门子老师?言下之意,是对那些整日奔走游说却不事耕作之人的轻蔑。 然而子路并未动怒,而是恭敬地拱手而立。这一细节值得细品。子路性情豪爽,并非以忍耐见称,但面对老者的讥讽,他选择以礼相待,可见其修养之深。正是这份从容有礼,让荷蓧丈人改变了态度,留子路食宿,以杀鸡煮黍的高规格款待,还唤出两个儿子相见。这分明是一个深知礼仪、心存仁厚的人,绝非粗鄙的村野老翁,而是有意隐居、退出仕途的贤者。 翌日子路归告孔子,孔子判断此人是隐士,立刻让子路返回拜访。然而老人已不在家中,似乎早料到有人会来,刻意回避。子路遂将孔子的意思告知其两个儿子,留下了这段重要的话:不出来做事,是不合道义的。老丈懂得长幼之序,家中礼节丝毫不废,却偏偏置君臣大义于不顾,这是只顾小节、忽略大伦。君子出仕,不是为了个人的荣华富贵,而是为了践行道义。道之不行,孔子早已知晓,但仍然要去做,这正是义之所在。 这段话是孔子入世精神的集中表达。荷蓧丈人的生活无可指摘——他勤于劳作,敦于人伦,自守清白。但孔子认为,仅仅做到「洁其身」是不够的。一个有才识、有德行的人,若只顾着保全自己的清白,却对天下苍生的苦难袖手旁观,实则是以小义废大义。君臣之道,不是对某一个昏君的效忠,而是对社会秩序与公共责任的担承。 儒家思想中「有道则仕,无道则隐」的说法深入人心,但这一章揭示了更深一层的境界:真正的君子,即便明知大道难行,也要坚持出仕、坚持作为,以行动本身来彰显道义,而非以结果的成败来衡量是否值得一试。孔子周游列国,屡遭挫折,却始终未曾放弃,其根本动力正在于此——道之不行,仍要行。这种知其不可为而为之的精神,是儒家伦理最深沉也最感人的底色。

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