Zizhang asked Confucius, "What must one do to be fit for governing?" The Master said, "Honour the five virtues and put away the four vices, and then you will be fit for governing." Zizhang said, "What are the five virtues?" The Master said, "The gentleman bestows benefits on the people without incurring expense; he causes the people to labour without arousing resentment; he has desires but is not covetous; he is at ease but not arrogant; he is dignified and commanding but not fierce." Zizhang said, "What does it mean to bestow benefits without incurring expense?" The Master said, "To let the people profit from what is already in their interest — is this not bestowing benefits without incurring expense? To call upon the people to labour at the right and fitting times — who then would resent it? To desire benevolence and attain it — what is there left to covet? The gentleman, whether dealing with many or few, with great or small, never presumes to be negligent — is this not being at ease without arrogance? The gentleman keeps his robe and cap neatly arranged, his gaze dignified and composed, so that men look upon him with awe and reverence — is this not being commanding without being fierce?" Zizhang said, "What are the four vices?" The Master said, "To put people to death without having instructed them is called cruelty; to demand results without having given prior warning is called oppression; to be lax in issuing orders and then suddenly require their completion is called harmful governance; and to be stingy in dispensing what must equally be given to others is called the way of a petty functionary."